Hyperinsulinemia
Jim Johnson on Hyperinsulinemia.
Professor Jim Johnson is in the Department of Physiological Sciences and Surgery, in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia. His research focuses on the pathophysiology and signalling mechanisms underlying both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, obesity, longevity, Alzheimer's and cancer. In this talk he describes the role of excess insulin as a driver of insulin resistance, obesity and disease.
The role of wheat in inflammation.
In this review we discuss evidence from in vitro, in vivo and human intervention studies that describe how the consumption of wheat, but also other cereal grains, can contribute to the manifestation of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases by increasing intestinal permeability and initiating a pro-inflammatory immune response.
REVERSING T2 DIABETES
Establishing Clinical Guidelines for Therapeutic Carbohydrate Restriction
Low Carb USA talks to Dr Adele Hite about her herculean effort to co-ordinate the compilation of the document outlining Clinical Guidelines for Therapeutic Carbohydrate Restriction. This is a massive step towards establishing the Standard of Care for the prescription of Carbohydrate Reduction as a Therapeutic Intervention. That has been our main focus since about April 2018 and this document is a brilliant starting point for the conversations that will eventually lead to a consensus and an SoC for practitioners using this lifestyle intervention in their practice.
What's more exciting is that we have been approached by numerous people to translate it into several different languages. The Clinical Guidelines for Therapeutic Carbohydrate Restriction are available in English, German and Portuguese and Spanish, French, Dutch and Indonesian are close behind. There will be translation into many other languages in the future.
Learn more about Adele Hite on LC-directory-mhm.com
REVERSING T2 DIABETES
Reversing Type 2 diabetes starts with ignoring the guidelines -Sarah Hallberg.
Can a person be "cured" of Type 2 Diabetes? Dr Sarah Hallberg provides compelling evidence that it can, and the solution is simpler than you might think. Nearly 11 million views of this brilliant talk by Sarah Hallberg.
Learn more about Sarah Hallberg on LC-directory-mhm.com
REVERSING T2 DIABETES
People Are Doing it for Themselves
The Times is reporting on what they are referring to as “an online revolt by patients.” Diabetes.co.uk, a health organization that opposes the official dietary guidelines for diabetes treatment, launched a study, which included over 120,000 participants, the majority of whom suffer from weight related type-2 diabetes.
These people ate low-carb diets for 10 weeks, in defiance of the UK government’s Eatwell Guidelines, which mimic official US guidelines.
Over 70% of participants lost weight and improved their blood glucose levelness.
REVERSING T2 DIABETES
Dr Eric Westman Implementing a Low-Carb High Fat approach.
Eric Westman - Practical implementation of a low carb diet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJFCrl4up6k
Learn more about Eric Westman on LC-directory-mhm.com
Exercice - Health
Exercise as a Treatment for Depression.
In this episode, Dr Rhonda Patrick talks about her love of cycling for its powerful mood-enhancing effects and describes the compelling science that suggests exercise is a powerful tool for preventing or managing the symptoms of depression and mental illness.
Watch on: https://www.foundmyfitness.com/episodes/exercise-depression
Learn more about Rhonda Patrick on LC-directory-mhm.com
Other Diseases
Gastroesophageal reflux.
A very low carbohydrate diet improves gastroesophageal reflux and its symptoms. Austin, G.L., Thiny, M.T., Westman, E.C., Yancy. Jr. W.S., Shaheen, N.J. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51, 1307-1312.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16871438/
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
The effects of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on the polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Mavropoulos, J., Yancy, Jr. W.S., Hepburn, J., Westman, E.C. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Dec 16:2:35 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16359551/
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Tendler, D., Lin, S., Yancy, W.S. Jr., Mavropoulos, J., Silvestre, P., Rockey, D.C., and Westman, E.C. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52, 589-93.
Research into the role of low-carb/keto nutrition.
For the last fifty years, our dietary guidelines have been prepared on the assumption that a high carbohydrate low fat, low saturated fat and low salt diet is optimal for human health.
With the increasing success of low carbohydrate diets in helping patients deal with epilepsy, T2 diabetes, T1 diabetes and Fatty Liver Disease, there has been an explosion of interest in the impact of low carbohydrate diets.
Science is never settled and there is clearly still a lot to be learned about the role of nutrition in human health across a wide range of diseases.
There is an unprecedented level of clinical trials now underway to explore the role of refined carbohydrates and ketones across a wide range of diseases.
In the meantime, we set out below a sample of the chronic conditions where we believe improved nutrition is likely to improve health outcomes.
Obesity - the science
Obesity research.
Causes and mechanisms of adipocyte enlargement and adipose expansion
F. Haczeyni, K. S. Bell-Anderson, G. C. Farrell. Obesity Reviews, 2017.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/obr.12646
Adipose tissue expandability: the metabolic problems of obesity may arise from the inability to become more obese. Review Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Oct;36(Pt 5):935-40.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18793164/
The causes and cure of obesity. Yudkin, J. Lancet. 1959 Dec 19;2(7112):1135-8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13846696/
The American Medical Association (AMA), Recognizes obesity as a disease https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/06/19/193440570/ama-says-its-time-to-call-obesity-a-disease
Book ‘Obesity: Evaluation and Treatment Essentials’
Addressing a growing epidemic in today’s world, the book presents practical treatment protocols for obesity, including exercise, pharmacology, behavior modification, and dietary factors, from the point of view of the practicing physician. Editors: Michael G. Steelman, Eric Westman.
Obesity Medicine Association (OMA)
Obesity Algorithm: https://obesitymedicine.org/resources/obesity-algorithm/
Ketones - the science
Blurb about what is a ketogenic diet.
Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis
A.A.Gibson, R.V. Seimon, C.M.Y.Lee, J. Ayre, J. Franklin, T.P. Markovic, I.D. Caterson, A. Sainsbury. Obes Rev, 2015. 16(1): p. 64-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25402637/
Ketosis, ketogenic diet and food intake control: a complex relationship
A. Paoli, G. Bosco, E.M. Camporesi, D. Mangar. Front Psychol. 2015 Feb 2:6:27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25698989/
Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum. A.M. Johnstone, G.W. Horgan, S.D. Murison, D.M. Bremner, G.E. Lobley. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2008. 87(1): p. 44-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18175736/
β-hydroxybutyrate: much more than a metabolite
J.C. Newman, E. Verdin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Nov;106(2):173-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25193333/
Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites
J.C. Newman, E. Verdin. Diabetes. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2014 Jan;25(1):42-52.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24140022/
Altered expression of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins in a mouse model whose glycemic status is controlled by a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet
T. Okuda, A. Fukui, N. Morita. Glycoconj J. 2013 Nov; 30(8): 781-9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23793825/
A very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet prevents the progression of hepatic steatosis caused by hyperglycemia in a juvenile obese mouse model
T. Okuda, N. Morita. Nutr Diabetes, 2012 Nov 12; 2(11):e50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23169538/
A very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet increases hepatic glycosphingolipids related to regulation of insulin signalling
T. Okuda, N. Morita. Journal of Functional Foods, March 2016, 21: p.70-74.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1756464615005873
Diabetes
T2 Diabetes, the world’s fastest growing disease.
According to WHO, in 2014, 8.5% of adults aged 18 years and older had diabetes.
In 2016, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and in 2012 high blood glucose was the cause of another 2.2 million deaths. Since then, the numbers continue to grow.
- Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in middle and low-income countries.
- Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation.
In our view, it is not surprising that growth is fastest amongst the poor in every country.
In every country the poorer the individual the higher content of cheap refined and starchy carbohydrates and industrially produced seed oils.
Low Carb living is possible and does not need to be prohibitively expensive for many.
Refer here for Clinical Guidelines.
For the Prescription of Carbohydrate Restriction as a Therapeutic Intervention Available in English https://thesmhp.org/clinical-guidelines/
Some Interesting science: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2359752/
Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Accurso, A., et al., Nutrition & Metabolism, 2008. 5(1): p. 9.
Studies concerning diabetes. Allen, F.M., Journal of the American Medical Association, 1914. 63(11): p. 939-943.
Prolonged fasting in diabetes. Allen, F.M., Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1915a(30): p. 323-29.
Protein diets and undernutrition in treatment of diabetes. Allen, F.M., Journal of the American Medical Association, 1920. 74(9): p. 571-577.
Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non‑randomized, controlled study. Bhanpuri, N.H., et al., Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2018. 17(56).
How do we define cure of diabetes? Buse, J.B., et al., Diabetes care, 2009. 32(11): p. 2133-2135.
Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Ann Intern Med 2005;142(6):403-11.
A low-carbohydrate survey: Evidence for sustainable metabolic syndrome reversal. Cucuzzella, M.T., Tondt, T., Dockter, N.E., Saslow, L., & Wood, T.R., J. insul. resist. 2(1).
Short‐term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate‐restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes—a randomized controlled trial. Daly, M.E., et al., Diabetic Medicine, 2006. 23(1): p. 15-20.
Comparative Study of the Effects of a 1-Year Dietary Intervention of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet in Weight and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Davis, N.J., et al., Diabetes Care, 2009. 32: p. 1147-1152.
Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Feinman, R.D., et al., Nutrition, 2015. 31(1): p. 1-13.
Consensus statement by the American association of clinical endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm–2017 executive summary. Garber, A.J., et al., Endocrine Practice, 2017. 23(2): p. 207-238.
Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Goday, A., et al., Nutr Diabetes, 2016. 6(9): p. e230.
In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Guldbrand, H., et al., Diabetology, 2012. 55(8): p. 2118-2127.
Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at One Year: An Open Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study. Hallberg, S.J., et al., Diabetes Therapy, 2018.
Case of ketoacidosis by a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in a diabetic patient with a low-carbohydrate diet. Hayami, T., et al., Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 2015. 6: p. 587-590.
Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of low‐carbohydrate vs. low‐fat/low‐calorie diets in the management of obesity and its comorbidities. Hession, M., et al., Obesity reviews, 2009. 10(1): p. 36-50.
Impact of low-carbohydrate diet on body composition: meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Hashimoto, Y., et al., Obes Rev, 2016. 17(6): p. 499-509.
Joslin, E.P., Ideals in the treatment of diabetes and methods for their realization. New England Journal of Medicine, 1928. 198(8): p. 379-382.
Joslin, E.P., A diabetic manual for the mutual use of doctor and patient. 1919: Lea & Febiger.
Lima, L., Subclinical Diabetes. An Acad Bras Cienc, 2017. 89(1 Suppl 0): p. 591-614.
Karter, A.J., et al., Incidence of Remission in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes & Aging Study. Diabetes Care, 2014. 37(12): p. 3188-95.
Khazrai, Y., G. Defeudis, and P. Pozzilli, Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2014. 30(S1): p. 24-33.
Mayer, S.B., et al., Two diets with different haemoglobin A1c and anti-glycaemic medication effects despite similar weight loss in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2014. 16(1): p. 90-93.
Mansoor, N., et al., Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr, 2016. 115(3): p. 466-79.
McGovern, A., et al., Comparison of medication adherence and persistence in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2017.
Morgan, W., Diabetes Mellitus its history, chemistry, anatomy, pathology, physiology and treatment and cases successfully treated, in Diabetes Mellitus its history, chemistry, anatomy, pathology, physiology and treatment and cases successfully treated. 1877, Sett Dey & Co.
Nielsen, J.V. and E.A. Joensson, Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes: stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 44 months follow-up. Nutrition & metabolism, 2008. 5(1): p. 14.
Nuttall, F.Q., R.M. Almokayyad, and M.C. Gannon, Comparison of a carbohydrate-free diet vs. fasting on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 2015. 64(2): p. 253-262.
O'Neill, D.F., E.C. Westman, and R.K. Bernstein, The effects of a low-carbohydrate regimen on glycaemic control and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 2003. 1(4): p. 291-298.
Sackner-Bernstein, J., D. Kanter, and S. Kaul, Dietary Intervention for Overweight and Obese Adults: Comparison of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets. A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 2015. 10(10): p. e0139817.
Saslow, L.R., et al., A randomized pilot trial of a moderate carbohydrate diet compared to a very low carbohydrate diet in overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. PloS one, 2014. 9(4): p. e91027.
Saslow, L.R., et al., Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. Nutrition & Diabetes, 2017. 7(12).
Saslow, L.R., et al., An Online Intervention Comparing a Very Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Versus a Plate Method Diet in Overweight Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res, 2017. 19(2): p. e36.
Vernon, M.C., et al., Clinical experience of a carbohydrate-restricted diet: effect on diabetes mellitus. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 2003. 1(3): p. 233-237.
Westman, E.C., et al., The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycaemic index diet on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition & metabolism, 2008. 5(1): p. 36.
Yamada, Y., et al., A non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diet is effective as an alternative therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes. Internal medicine, 2014. 53(1): p. 13-19.
Yancy, W.S., et al., A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutrition & metabolism, 2005. 2(1): p. 34.
Insulin Resistance
The Role of Insulin Resistance
Relationship between several surrogate estimates of insulin resistance and a direct measure of insulin-mediated glucose disposal: Comparison of fasting versus post-glucose load measurements
Abbasi, F., et al. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2017.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29203256/
Study of the Use of Lipid Panels as a Marker of Insulin Resistance to Determine Cardiovascular Risk
Bertsch, R.A. and M.A. Merchant. The Permanente Journal, 2015. 19(4): p. 4.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26517432/
Hyperinsulinemia: A unifying theory of chronic disease?
Crofts, C.A.P., et al.2015, 2015. 1(4): p. 10.
https://diabesity.ejournals.ca/index.php/diabesity/article/viewFile/19/61
Identifying hyperinsulinaemia in the absence of impaired glucose tolerance: An examination of the Kraft database
Crofts, C., et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2016. 118: p. 50-7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27344544/
Postprandial insulin assay as the earliest biomarker for diagnosing pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk
DiNicolantonio, J.J., et al. Open Heart, 2017. 4(2): p. e000656.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5708305/
Insulin resistance as a predictor of age-related diseases
Facchini, F.S., et al. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2001. 86(8): p. 3574-3578.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502781/
Patterns of insulin concentration during the OGTT predict the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese Americans
Hayashi, T., et al. Diabetes Care, 2013. 36(5): p. 1229-35.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23275353/
Critical evaluation of adult treatment panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia
Liao, Y., et al. Diabetes care, 2004. 27(4): p. 978-983.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15047659/
Use of Metabolic Markers To Identify Overweight Individuals Who Are Insulin Resistant
McLaughlin, T., et al. Annals of internal medicine, 2003. 139(10): p. 802-809.
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-139-10-200311180-00007
Surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity vs the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp: a meta-analysis
Otten, J., B. Ahren, and T. Olsson. Diabetologia, 2014. 57(9): p. 1781-8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24891021/
Dietary insulin load and insulin index are associated with the risk of insulin resistance: a prospective approach in tehran lipid and glucose study
Mirmiran, P., et al. J Diabetes Metab Disord, 2015. 15: p. 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4955203/
Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant
McLaughlin, T., et al. Ann Intern Med, 2003. 139(10): p. 802-9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14623617/
Insulin resistance and coronary heart disease in nondiabetic individuals
Reaven, G. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2012. 32(8): p. 1754-9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815340/
Insulin Resistance, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Metabolic Syndrome: How well do the emperor’s clothes fit?
Reaven, G.M. Diabetes care, 2004. 27(4): p. 1011-1012.
https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/4/1011
Metabolic Health Is a More Important Determinant for Diabetes Development than Simple Obesity: A 4-Year Retrospective Longitudinal Study
Rhee, E.J., et al. PLoS One, 2014. 9(5): p. e98369.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4037196/
Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward
Williams, K.J. and X. Wu. Atherosclerosis, 2016. 247: p. 225-82.
https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(16)30048-X/fulltext
Carbohydrate restriction improves the features of Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome may be defined by the response to carbohydrate restriction
Volek, J.S. and R.D. Feinman. Nutrition & metabolism, 2005. 2(1): p. 31.
Cardiovascular Disease
Insulin resistance, weight loss and cardiovascular disease.
Insulin resistance predicts progression of de novo atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary heart disease: a one-year follow-up study
An, X., et al. Cardiovascular diabetology, 2012. 11(1): p. 71.
https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2840-11-71%C2%A0
Insulin Therapy Increases Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Herman, M.E., et al. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 2017.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28958751/
Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Nordmann, A.J., et al. Archives of internal medicine, 2006. 166(3): p. 285-293.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16476868/
Metabolic Health Is More Closely Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification than Obesity
Rhee, E.J., et al. PLoS One, 2013. 8(9): p. e74564.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770589/
Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors
Santos FL, Esteves SS, da Costa Pereira A, Yancy WS Jr, Nunes JP. Obesity Reviews, 2012 Nov; 13(11):1048-66.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x
Dietary intervention to reverse carotid atherosclerosis
Shai, I., et al. Circulation, 2010. 121(10): p. 1200-1208.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20194883/
Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents
Sondike SB, Copperman N, Jacobson MS. J Pediatr. 2003;142(3):253-8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12640371/
Dietary carbohydrate restriction induces a unique metabolic state positively affecting atherogenic dyslipidemia, fatty acid partitioning, and metabolic syndrome
Volek, J., et al. Progress in Lipid Research, 2008. 47: p. 307-18.
Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal as a predictor of cardiovascular disease
Yip, J., F.S. Facchini, and G.M. Reaven. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 1998. 83(8): p. 2773-2776. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9709945/
Other diseases - a small sample of research.
Try it for yourself: google ‘PubMed’, then in PubMed google any disease and add in hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance. You will find scientists researching the links.
Gastroesophageal reflux:
A very low-carbohydrate diet improves gastroesophageal reflux and its symptoms
Austin, G.L., Thiny, M.T., Westman, E.C., Yancy. Jr. W.S., Shaheen, N.J. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51, 1307-1312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871438
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:
The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Mavropoulos, J., Yancy, Jr. W.S., Hepburn, J., Westman, E.C. NutrMetab (Lond) 2005;2, 35.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334192/
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:
The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Tendler, D., Lin, S., Yancy, W.S. Jr., Mavropoulos, J., Silvestre, P., Rockey, D.C., and Westman, E.C. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52, 589-93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17219068/
COPD:
Downregulated level of insulin in COPD patients during AE; role beyond glucose control?
Journal List Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis v.14; 2019 PMC6643055
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6643055/
Hyperinsulinemia adversely affects lung structure and function
Singh S, Bodas M, Bhatraju NK, Pattnaik B, Gheware A, Parameswaran PK, Thompson M, Freeman M, Mabalirajan U, Gosens R, Ghosh B, Pabelick C, Linneberg A, Prakash YS, Agrawal A.
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2016 May 1;310(9): L837-45. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00091.2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867352/
A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Biomarkers of COPD Exacerbation
Chen YW, Leung JM, Sin DD. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 19;11(7):e0158843. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.
Science fresh off the press
JULY 2019
Pancreatic cancer.
A total of 25.4 million patients who had participated in a preventive health check-up between 2009 and 2013 were evaluated for pancreatic cancer incidence rates according to fasting glucose level. The cumulative incidence rate of pancreatic cancer significantly increased as the fasting glucose level elevated, even in populations with a normal glucose level range.
AUGUST 2019
Blue Zones - Supercentenarians and the oldest-old are concentrated into regions with no birth certificates and short lifespans.
"The observation of individuals attaining remarkable ages, and their concentration into geographic sub-regions or ‘blue zones’, has generated considerable scientific interest.
Proposed drivers of remarkable longevity include high vegetable intake, strong social connections, and genetic markers. Here, we reveal new predictors of remarkable longevity and ‘supercentenarian’ status. In the United States, supercentenarian status is predicted by the absence of vital registration. The state-specific introduction of birth certificates is associated with a 69-82% fall in the number of supercentenarian records. In Italy, which has more uniform vital registration, remarkable longevity is instead predicted by low per capita incomes and a short life expectancy. Finally, the designated ‘blue zones’ of Sardinia, Okinawa, and Ikaria corresponded to regions with low incomes, low literacy, high crime rate and short life expectancy relative to their national average. As such, relative poverty and short lifespan constitute unexpected predictors of centenarian and supercentenarian status, and support a primary role of fraud and error in generating remarkable human age records."
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/704080v1
Reduced carbohydrate intake improves type 2 diabetics' ability to regulate blood sugar.
Patients with type 2 diabetes improve their ability to regulate blood sugar levels if they eat food with a reduced carbohydrate content and an increased share of protein and fat. This is shown by a recent study conducted at Bispebjerg Hospital in collaboration with, among other partners, Aarhus University and the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports at the University of Copenhagen. The findings are contrary to the conventional dietary recommendations for type 2 diabetics.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190810094055.htm
Keto - Impact on health markers
Summary of impact of health markers with a ketogenic diet.
Keto was the most googled diet of 2018 and 2019. It limits carb intake to under about 30~50 grams a day (defending on individual metabolism, and typically reduces appetite and intake of easy-to-overeat, hyperpalatable foods.
Keto has therapeutic potential for a variety of health conditions.
A summary of results so far, as - 160 trials now underway.
Anti-Aging.
The Therapeutic Potential of Ketogenic Diet Throughout Life: Focus on Metabolic, Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Reviews on biomarker studies in anti-aging research:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_5